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Table of Contents for Near Eastern Archaeology 81.1 (March 2018)
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Pp. 4-5: “The Survey of the Site and Its Insights,” by听Joe Uziel and Aren M. Maeir
Since its infancy, archaeological research has used survey as a major tool in both regional studies (see, e.g., Conder and Kitchener 1881) and as a tool for project planning. In the former, survey flourished鈥攄espite certain critiques as to the validity of the data collected (e.g., Waelkens and Poblome 2004)鈥攚hereas the latter was often used minimally in the interpretation of an individual site’s history. In this sense, the survey at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath was groundbreaking in its approach鈥� not only as a tool for planning the project, but as the basis for determining aspects of the history of the site (Uziel and Maeir 2005, 2012). The survey was planned by the division of the site into separate fields, based on discrete micro-topographical features. As opposed to an arbitrary grid, the use of the topography of the site considered that these features may have been formed by the changing settlement of the site over time. For example, the eastern slopes (Areas A and E), which have been extensively excavated, each had its own local phasing, which was determined through their separate survey. Had we used a random grid, it is likely the parts of each of these terraced steps would have been lumped together, making the survey a tool for overall evaluation of the site, but not determining differences in the various areas. This proved critical in the planning of the project, which later, through the implementation of the survey results, managed to determine excavation areas according to the research design of the project.
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Pp. 6-14: “New Insights into the Philistines in Light of Excavations at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Louise A. Hitchcock and Aren M. Maeir
Even though the arrival of the Philistines in the southern Levant is an event that happens 鈥渙ff camera,鈥� that is, before the appearance of their settlement remains, it is an event that was narrativized in the recent past by archaeologists working in Philistia who interpreted the local production of Aegean style pottery as evidence of a massive colonization by Mycenaean migrants (Hitchcock and Maeir 2016a). By and large, the understanding of the Philistines and their culture was centered around the biblical and Egyptian images of the Philistines, and their continued reception and interpretation until modern times.
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Pp. 15-18: “Philistine Decorated Pottery at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Linda G. Meiberg
Almost all of the excavated areas at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath have yielded Philistine decorated pottery. This includes Areas A (Strata A6 and A5), E (Stratum E3), F (Stratum F11), and P (Stratum P2) on the upper tell, as well as Area D (Stratum D5) in the lower city, thus indicating that the consumption, if not actual production, of Philistine decorated pottery was quite widespread throughout the entire site during the twelfth through tenth centuries B.C.E.
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Pp. 19-21: “Philistine Burial Customs in Light of the Finds at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Joe Uziel and Aren M. Maeir
Despite over a century of research conducted on the Philistines and their material culture, a very small quantity of finds relating to their burial customs has been reported. This has led to quite a lot of speculation on Philistine mortuary customs, with little evidence in support. At a number of sites, suggestions to distinguish 鈥淧hilistine鈥� burials were attempted, most notably, the erroneous attribution of the anthropoid coffins to the Philistines (Dothan 1982), the suggested cremation burials found at Azor (Dothan and Dothan 1992; Ben-Shlomo 2008, 2012; Buchennino and Yannai 2010), and the burial caves yielding Philistine bichrome pottery at Tel Eton (Edelstein and Aurant 1992). However, the problematic interpretations of these finds, coupled with the fact that none of this evidence was found at the main urban sites of the Philistines, calls into question their centrality within the Philistine realm, and their attribution on a whole to the ethnic group that populated the southern Coastal Plain.
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Pp. 22-23: “What Language(s) Did the Philistines Speak?,” by Brent Davis
The evidence that we have for the language(s) spoken by the Philistines is not plentiful, but what we do have is interesting (though far from conclusive). Two types of evidence predominate: (1) inscriptions from Philistine sites (thus these inscriptions may have been produced by Philistines), and (2) Philistine words and names borrowed into other languages of the region and recorded (however imperfectly) in non-Philistine records.
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Pp. 24-27: “Microarchaeology at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath, Area A,” by Steve Weiner and Elisabetta Boaretto
The overall objective of archaeological excavations is to extract as much reliable information as possible from the whole archaeological record: both macroscopic and microscopic. An effective approach to achieve this goal is to integrate observations on the macroscopic and microscopic records as the excavation proceeds by operating an on-site analytical laboratory at the excavation. In this way important primary context locations can be better identified as they are exposed, and the excavation and sampling strategy can be adapted accordingly (Weiner 2010).
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Pp. 28-33: “Excavations in Area D of the Lower City: Philistine Cultic Remains and Other Finds,” by Amit Dagan, Maria Eniukhina and Aren M. Maeir
During the first decade of the Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath Excavation Project, various areas in the upper city were excavated. Based on the results of the surface survey, however, it was clear that there was extensive settlement in the area to the north of the upper city up until the Elah Valley riverbed. Ten years ago, the excavations were expanded to the lower city, commencing with Area D (fig. 1). Since then, Area D has been extensively excavated, with a broad range of finds mainly from the Iron Age (for additional excavations in Area K of the lower city, see Welch in this issue). Here we will describe some of these finds, with a particular focus on the Philistine cultic remains.
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Pp. 34-36: “Iron Age Metal Production at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Adi Eliyahu-Behar and Vanessa Workman
While the increasing appearance of iron objects between the late twelfth and early eleventh centuries B.C.E. has been the greatest indicator for the shift from bronze to iron use that marks the transition to the Iron Age, a nuanced understanding of the technological phenomenon comes from evidence and artifacts of production. The origins of iron production technologies are still hotly debated. In recent years, new and pertinent archaeological data regarding actual iron production, has finally surfaced. Considerable iron production remains of both smelting and smithing had been identified at major sites throughout the region.
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Pp. 37-40: “Women in Distress: Victims of the Iron Age Destruction at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Marina Faerman, Aren M. Maeir, Amit Dagan and Patricia Smith
The widespread signs of destruction and fire seen at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath in the upper and lower parts of the city (Namdar et al. 2011; Zukerman and Maeir 2012) include the charred skeletal remains of three women found in Area D, Stratum D3, and five individuals found in Area A, Stratum A3. All appear to have been victims of the same event, namely, the destruction of the city at the end of the ninth century B.C.E. by Hazael of Aram (Maeir 2012). We provide here a detailed description of these remains and the circumstances surrounding their deaths using standards published in Bass 1995 to determine their age and sex, and the Munsell color chart (Ellingham et al. 2015) to estimate the extent and pattern of burning on the bodies.
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Pp. 41-44: “Iron Age Animal Husbandry at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath: Notes on the Fauna from Area D,” by Ron Kehati, Amit Dagan and Liora Kolska Horwitz
Faunal remains comprise a significant portion of finds recovered from most archaeological sites in Israel. Among other issues relating to factors such as animal evolution and ecology, their examination can elucidate past human diet, symbolic and cultural behavior, technology relating to animals and animal products, as well as the site’s environment and even paleoclimate of a region (e.g., Reitz and Wing 2008; Russell 2011). These issues were considered when we examined the faunal assemblage recovered from the late Iron Age I (tenth century B.C.E.) through Iron Age IIA-B (post-830 B.C.E.) deposits excavated in Area D at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath.
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Pp. 45-47: “Expanding the Lower City: Area K at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Eric L. Welch
Excavations in the lower city of Gath have been ongoing since 2009. In Area D, in the westernmost excavated portion of the lower city, excavations have demonstrated the presence of a well-fortified lower city as early as the eleventh century B.C.E., with the most substantial remains dating to the ninth century B.C.E. (Dagan et al., this issue). With the discovery of a fortified lower city as early as Iron Age I, new research questions about the lower city began to emerge. Of particular interest were questions about the extent of ancient Gath’s lower city and the timeline for when the lower city was inhabited.
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Pp. 48-54: “Judahite Gath in the Eighth Century B.C.E.: Finds in Area F from the Earthquake to the Assyrians,” by Jeffrey R. Chadwick and Aren M. Maeir
After Philistine Gath fell to the Arameans in the late ninth century B.C.E. (Maeir 2008; 2012: 47鈥�48) the huge city atop Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath was a ghost town for several decades. Some structures had been burnt or otherwise destroyed, but many were simply abandoned to the elements. As years passed, winter storms and the processes of nature eroded the roofs and walls of hundreds of ownerless houses and other buildings. The devastation was alluded to by the Judahite prophet Amos when he predicted the eventual demise of Samaria: 鈥淕o down to Gath of the Philistines,鈥� he challenged the Israelites, to behold what complete desolation is like (Amost 6:2; Maeir 2004). Aside from the presence of a few squatters who settled in the north lower-city ruins near the Elah riverbed, the forlorn ghost town of Gath slowly decayed away, until a cataclysmic earthquake shook the entire region somewhere around 760 B.C.E. (Chadwick and Maeir, forthcoming; Maeir 2012:49鈥�50).
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Pp. 55-58: “Textile Production at Iron Age Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Deborah Cassuto
Textiles in antiquity were multifunctional, and used much as they are in modern times.1 When we think of textiles, our first thoughts are of clothing. In antiquity, as in modern times, clothing demonstrated social status (e.g., royal, common), occupation (e.g., priestly, military) and ranged from simply constructed frocks to finely manufactured prestige garments. Textiles were also used as furnishings, such as rugs, wall carpets, cushions, and curtains, as boat sails and shelters, or sacks for storage or carriage. In short, they were consumed by everyone for a multitude of needs, ranging from the mundane to the festive, from the functional to the opulent.
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Pp. 59-62: “Iron Age Adornment at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Josephine A. Verduci
Between 1998 and 2014, Iron Age strata from Areas A, C, D, E, F, and P yielded a rich assemblage of 172 objects of adornment. These objects come from contexts dated to the Late Bronze Age-Iron Age transition through to Iron Age IIB. Tomb T1, containing the skeletal remains of over 70 individuals (adults and children) and dated to late Iron I-early Iron IIA, also yielded a large and varied assemblage of 154 adornment objects, not including 65 items of shell that were most likely also used as items of adornment. Among these 326 objects, are examples of metal, stone, and vitreous materials, which are represented by beads, pendants, rings, bangles (bracelets, anklets, and armlets), earrings, and fibulae.
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Pp. 63-65:听“Petrographic and Technological Analysis of the Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath Pottery,” by David Ben-Shlomo
In archaeological research, pottery analysis is of importance for relative dating and reconstructing daily life, as well as for understanding trade patterns and cultural contacts. Trade patterns in table ware and commodities carried in pottery containers can help illuminate the economy and administration of an ancient society. The production technology of pottery, and especially its mode of production, can also reflect social, economic, and political realities in a general manner. However, according to many ethnographic and archaeological studies, the technology of pottery production is relatively conservative, and does not change rapidly.
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Pp. 66-71:听“Cooking Installations through the Ages at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Shira Gur-Arieh
While it is debated when exactly humans began regularly to cook their food (Sandgathe and Berna 2017), it is clear that once they did, they never looked back. Cooking raw food improves its nutrient values by enabling more complete digestion, it kills bacteria, and it sometimes helps to preserve the food. But above all, cooking makes many food products taste much better. The combination of such practical benefits, which are essential for our wellbeing, with the communal and social aspects of eating, are what makes cooking and cuisine so central in the culture of many societies worldwide. Yet, although archaeologists are aware of the important role of cooking in the overall assemblage that defines different human cultures, comprehensive study of archaeological cooking installations is still not commonly practiced in excavations of Levantine protohistoric and historic sites (Ebeling and Rogel 2015: 343鈥�44). Such comprehensive studies of cooking technologies, fuel materials, and their spatial and chronological development over time, have the potential to provide invaluable information on topics such as human interaction with the environment, subsistence practice, intercultural transformation, and cultural affiliation, to mention just a few.
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Pp. 72-76:听“Seals and Sealings at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Stefan M眉nger
The currently published glyptic assemblage from Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath comprises more than sixty seals and sealings (Keel 2013: 94鈥�123; see also Maeir, Shai, and Kolska Horwitz 2011). This corpus provides sound evidence that seals鈥攎ostly worn as adornments鈥攁nd the practice of sealing were part of daily life at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath throughout the centuries. In the following, a few outstanding glyptic finds by the current expedition are presented.
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Pp. 77-80:听“Plant Use in the Bronze and Iron Ages at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Suembikya Frumin and Ehud Weiss
The long history of settlement at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath provides an opportunity to study changes in vegetation and its use in different cultures and periods, as well as aspects relating to local biodiversity over time. These changes may shed light on the local development of agriculture, on cultural changes, on ancient human migrations, and foreign influences. Analyzing archaeological data from several time periods and cultures within the same landscape offers new directions in the study of past cultures, and the origins of their formation (Frumin et al. 2015; Frumin 2017). In the case of the appearance of Philistine culture, which occurred partly through migration, this type of data enables analysis of invasion events using archaeological data, with the aim of reconstructing changes in diet, land use, and in regional and interregional linkages associated with a specific migrant culture.
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Pp. 81-84:听“What We Can Learn from the Flint Industries at Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath,” by Francesco Manclossi and Steven A Rosen
Within Levantine archaeology, the analysis of chipped stone tools from the Metal Ages is reasonably well established. Chipped stone tool manufacture is a reductive process, leaving large quantities of diagnostic waste products, allowing detailed reconstruction not only of the specifics of technologies and function, but also of such issues as on-site/off-site production, trade, and degrees of craft specialization鈥攁nd ultimately offering insights into social and economic processes not always available from other sources. The materials from Tell e峁�-峁⒚i/Gath from the Early Bronze (EB), Late Bronze (LB), and Iron Ages (IA) provide a long-term view of these processes at the site, and offer a case study for larger-scale processes.
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Pp. 85-91:听“‘The Archaeological Picture Went Blank’: Historical Archaeology and GIS analysis of the Landscape of the Palestinian Village of Tell e峁�-峁⒚i,” by Liora Kolska Horwitz, Rona Winter-Livneh and Aren M. Maeir
Referring to the dearth of historical archaeological research in Israel, in Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East, author Neil Silberman states: 鈥淛ust as the story was beginning to get interesting鈥攚hen the modern cultures of the region were in the process of formation鈥攖he archaeological picture went blank鈥� (1989:233). Since Silberman published his book, the status of historical-archaeological research鈥攏otably of the Islamic and Ottoman periods in Israel鈥攈as certainly improved. To a large extent, the same cannot be said of archaeological research鈥攅ither on objects, sites, or historic landscapes鈥攔elating to the British Mandate and the early years of the State of Israel.
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Why did some books become part of the Biblical canon while others did not? Rather than a top down process led by priests, the evidence suggests that it was bottom-up, with each community holding to its own authoritative texts.
The mysterious Sealand Dynasty ruled over southern Babylonia for almost three centuries but little has been known about them archaeologically. A new project at Tell Khaiber near Ur is bringing the dynasty into focus.
Old age was a situation that included only a very small portion of the Egyptian population. The study of the anthropological evidence from several cemeteries as well as the census declarations from Roman Egypt defined the average life expectancy for males at 22.5-25 years and for females at 35-37 years.
Passover in Jerusalem was a joyous holiday of eating and drinking. Just one dressed goat would yield around 60 pounds of meat. Then multiply by tens of thousands.
Old age was a situation that included only a very small portion of the Egyptian population. The study of the anthropological evidence from several cemeteries as well as the census declarations from Roman Egypt defined the average life expectancy for males at 22.5-25 years and for females at 35-37 years. Under these considerations, an individual in his mid-thirties was considered an old person in ancient Egypt.
Head of a statue of an older man, ca. 2550鈥�2460 BCE (The Met Museum)
The Ideal Lifetime
Although the evidence suggests a quite low life expectancy, there were exceptions of individuals who reached substantial old age. These fortunate ones were usually members of the Egyptian elite. Several cases of individuals who reached – or who wished to reach – a long lifespan were attested in ancient Egyptian literature. Although the majority of texts reflected the experiences of the literate male elite, several examples dated during the Dynastic period (such as the famous Papyrus Westcar from the Middle Kingdom, ca. 2000 BCE) indicate that 110 years seemed to be the ideal lifespan.
Papyrus Westcar (Wikimedia Commons)
Perceptions of the Older Generation
While the perception of who is old is certainly changeable, today due to the constant rise of our standard of living, 鈥榦ld age鈥� is a stage in human life that declared by the symptoms of aging. The ancient Egyptian perception for the process of aging was not very different than the picture we have today. In texts from the Dynastic period, a pessimistic picture of the process was given:
In texts from the Dynastic period, a pessimistic picture of the process was given:
鈥淥 king, my Lord! Age is here, old age arrived, Feebleness came, weakness grows, [childlike] one sleeps all day. Eyes are dim, ears deaf, strength is waning through weariness (Instructions of Ptahotep).
鈥淲ould that my body were young again! For old age has come; feebleness has overtaken me. My eyes are heavy, my arms weak; my legs fail to follow. The heart is weary; death is near鈥� (The Story of Sinuhe).
Head of an old man, ca. 200-1 BCE (The Met Museum)
Portion of Sinuhe (Wikimedia Commons)
But pessimism regarding physical decline was not the only description of the aged individuals. In the story of the 鈥淭hree Tales of Wonder鈥� from Papyrus Westcar, Prince Hardedef describes the magician Djedi as someone who:
鈥淚s of a 110 years, who eats hundred loaves of bread, half an ox for meat and drinks one hundred jugs of beer to this very date.鈥�听
As the story continues, the young Prince greets the magician, and his words strongly contrast with the descriptions of old age given in other texts:
鈥淵our condition is like that of one who lives above age-for old age is the time of death, enwrapping, and burial- one who sleeps till daytime, free of illness, without a hacking cough.鈥�
On the one hand being old perceived as the last stage of life, as a time of agony and misery, but on the other hand it could be perceived as a watershed between adolescence and maturity, especially for the wealthier portions of population. Differences in social strata defined the way that the elderly was regarded.
The Care for the Elderly
The textual evidence regarding care for the elderly in ancient Egypt makes it becomes obvious that this was a matter for the family, especially for the lower and middle classes of society. Various census lists from Kahun and Deir-el-Medina suggested that the elderly, especially women, remained significant participants in their domestic group until death. Apart from being members of their children鈥檚 households, the elderly also received a regular stipend from their offspring, as an ostracon from the working class village of Deir el-Medina revealed:
鈥淎nd I gave to him emmer amounting to 2 陆 sacks as rations every month from year 1 until year 2, second month of the inundation season to third month of the summer season, making 10 months, each 2 陆 sacks. Total 27 陆 sacks.鈥�
In the same spirit, one of the four documents related to the property of Lady Naunakhte records an agreement between Khaemnun and his son Kenherkhepeshef:
鈥�After the workman Khenherkhepeshef said, 鈥業 will give him 2 戮 sacks鈥�, and while he will swear an oath of the Lord, saying, 鈥楢s Amon endures, as the ruler endures, if I take away this grain ration of my father, my reward (the washing bowl) shall be taken away.鈥�
The agreement reveals another aspect of the relationship between parents and children, the enforcement of the care for the elderly through inheritance. The inheritance was used to ensure children would look after their elderly parents. The will of Naunakhte is representative:
鈥淏ut see, I am grown old, and see, they are not looking after me in my turn. Whoever of them has aided me, to him I will give (of) my property, (but) he who has not given to me, to him I will not give of my property.鈥�
Although care for the elderly inside the family context seemed to be the only solution for the lower and middle classes of the Egyptian society, the situation was quite different for the elderly members of the Egyptian elite. The elderly who belonged in the upper class were allowed to keep their titles and their official income until the end of their lifetime. This is demonstrated in the institution of the 鈥渟taff of old age鈥� in documents such as the Instructions of Ptahotep, autobiographies such as that of Amenemhat, or the text that describes the installation of the vizier Weser-Amun. From these it becomes prominent that the 鈥渟taff of old age鈥� was an assistant to officials who belonged to the highest levels of the Egyptian administration. That duty was usually given by Pharaoh to one of the sons of the official. Under the appointment of his son, the father remained financially independent and at the same time the succession of the son was guaranteed.
Senwosret III (ca. 1874 鈥� 1855 BCE) (Civilization.org)
Apart from the institution of the 鈥渟taff of old age鈥�, elderly members of the Egyptian elite had extra sources of income to secure their financial independency after retirement. Founding a statue cult through a donation to a temple allowed officials to drawn a supplementary income after retirement. By donating property, including slaves, to a royal statue, a citizen, with the King鈥檚 permission, could found a cult and become its prophet. With this appointment as a prophet, he could then receive a share of the cult income, untaxed and protected from state demands.
Similarly, the donation of an individual鈥檚 property to a temple allowed him to receive an annual income from the harvest. By donating his property to a temple, the individual secured protection from state demands and avoided family disagreements. The inscriptions from the tomb of the Theban scribe Sanmut describe that practice:
鈥淚 give all my property together with all my acquisitions to Mut, into the temple of Mut, The Great Mistress of Ishru. Behold, I am establishing it as a stipend from my old age because of my contract.
The Egyptian approach to old age is thus closer to our own than we might have expected. The poor and the middle class took in their elderly and struggled, while the wealthiest schemed to avoid taxes.
Grigorios I. Kontopoulos is a Ph.D. candidate in Egyptology at the University of the Aegean.
For further reading
Rosalind & J.J. Janssen, Getting old in ancient Egypt (London, The Rubicon Press, 1996)
Stol & S. Vleeming, The care of the elderly in the ancient Near East (Leiden, Brill, 1998)
A.G. McDowell, Village life in ancient Egypt: Laundry lists and love songs (Oxford , Oxford University Press, 1999)
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Please contact ASOR for more information about AmazonSmile or if you have any questions.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1493003810407{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 20px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_wp_posts title=”BROWSE THE NEWS ARCHIVE” number=”4″][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1493003682832{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_column_text] [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]
to view the list of 2017 Honorific and Memorial Gifts[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
Benefactor ($20,000 and up)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Arnold and Porter, LLC (in kind)
Boston University (in kind)
J. Paul Getty Trust
P. E. MacAllister[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Carol and Eric Meyers
James F. and Carolyn Midkiff Strange
The Whiting Foundation[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Patron ($10,000 – $19,999)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Anonymous
The Altamira Foundation
The Fox Family Charitable Trust[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Kershaw Family Trust (Norma Kershaw)
W. Mark Lanier Theological Library[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Friend ($5,000 – $9,999)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Susan Ackerman
Vivian Bull
Sonya and Richard Coffman
Foundation for Biblical Archaeology (Sheila Bishop)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Sheldon and Debbie Fox
Susan Laden
Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis
Thomas R. Pickering
Andy and Amy Vaughn[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Sponsor ($1,000 – $4,999)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Anonymous
Anonymous
Gary Arbino
Stevan B. Dana
Lynn Swartz Dodd
Jane DeRose Evans
J眉rgen Friede
Denise Gold
Giovanna Grassi
Timothy Harrison
Michael G. Hasel
Peyton Randolph Helm
Sharon Herbert[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Jayne L. Hollander
Ann-Marie Knoblauch
Louis J. Lamm, Jr.
Carol Landes
Jim Lovelace
Alex MacAllister
Richard F. Natarian
David J. Rosenstein
Joe D. Seger
H. Katharine Sheeler
Wayne Russell Shepard
Olin J. Storvick
J. Edward and Keeley Wright[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Sustainer ($500 – $999)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Jeffrey Blakely and Brauna Hartzell
Oded and Marcia Borowski
Theodore Burgh
Hanan Charaf
Debra Foran
Paul J. Gaylo
Joseph Greene
David (Oli) Jenkins
Oystein LaBianca
Thomas and Alina Levy
Dale W. Manor
Vincent Mauer
Byron R. McCane[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Beth Alpert Nakhai
Steven Ortiz
Heather Dana Davis听Parker
Suzanne Richard
Thomas Schneider
Daniel Schowalter
Marian Scheuer Sofaer and Abraham Sofaer
Jeanne Marie Teutonico
Jane Cahill West
Susan Lintz Williams
K. Lawson Younger[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Supporter ($250 – $499)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Vernon F. Appleby
Rami Arav
Andrea Berlin
Karen Borstad
P.M. Mich猫le Daviau
Paul Fitzpatrick
Lawrence T. Geraty
Richard Cartier Godfrey
Kenneth G. Holum
Carroll C. Kobs
Thomas R. W. Longstaff[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Piotr Michalowski
Marek Olszewski
Nassos Papalexandrou
Barbara A. Porter
John Rinks
John R. Spencer
Dwight Tawney
Jane C. Waldbaum
Richard E. Whitaker
Daniel S. Wolk
Richard L. Zettler[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Contributor ($100 – $249)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Elie M. Abemayor
Matthew J. Adams
Henry M. Addkison
Susan Alcock
Cristobal Alvarez
Christian N. Anderson
William S. Andreas
Brenda Baker
Lamar Barden
Scott Berger
Mildred Bilt
Elizabeth Bloch-Smith
Thomas Brayshaw
Aaron Brody
James Bucko
Wilfred F. Bunge
Cynthia Ruth Burdge
Frances Cahill
Wallace S. Cameron
Edward F. Campbell
Charles E. Carter
Mark Alan Chancey
Miriam Chernoff
Douglas Clark
W. Malcolm Clark
Kay Granberry Clements
Eric Cline
Margaret Cohen
Joseph Coleson
Billie Jean听Collins
Elisabeth Cooper
Christopher Craig
Michael and Mandy Danti
Thomas Davis
Kenneth M. Diable
Manfried L. G. Dietrich
Sally S. Dunham
Anne M. Dunn
Carl Ehrlich
David J. Eidson
Stefanie P. Elkins
J. Harold Ellens
Geoff Emberling
Ozlem Nilufer Eser
Raymond Ewing
Marjorie M. Fisher
Catherine Foster
Jonathan S. Gardner
Steven J. Garfinkle
Robert Gauld
Seymour Gitin
Maxine Goldberg
Angela Goodwin
Morris Golik
Claire Gottlieb
Marylinda Govaars
Alison Acker Gruseke
Carl Guzzo
Robert Haak
Fawwaz Habbal
James W. Hardin
W. Benson Harer
Joseph P. Healey
Gary Michael Hedrick
David Hendin
Merilyn Phillips Hodgson
Thomas Hoyt
Herbert B. Huffmon
David Ilan
Charles Ellwood Jones
James F. Joyner III
John I. Kampen[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Steven Karacic
Dylan Karges
KDI Capital Partners
Jonathan Kenoyer
Edward Koskie
Stephen Kraft
Duane E. Kratzer
Nancy L. Lapp
Jacob Lassner
Thomas R. Lee
Al Leonard
Jesse and JoAnn Long
Mary Dell Lucas
Charles Marlin
Timothy Matney
Sheila E. McGinn
Sandra Mermelstein
Eugene and Janet Merrill
William R. Millar
Donald W. Morrison
Robert Christian Motts
Melissa Muendel
Robert Mullins
Bart Nadeau
David G. Norris
Renee O’Brien
Robert and Teresa Oden
Kazumi Oguchi
Randall O’Neill
Sarah Parcak
John T. Poss
Jennifer Ramsay
Thomas J. Ray
M. Barbara Reeves
Jonathan Rosenbaum
Jennifer Ross
B. W. Ruffner
Margaret Schaar
Kennett D. Schath
Wolfhart K. Schubach
Carol and Ryland Scott
Lee R. Seeman
David and Ruth Seigle
Audrey Shaffer
Hershel Shanks
Jacob Sharvit
Lydie Shufro
Maria-Louise Sidoroff
Alan Simmons
Donald R. Simon
Kathryn Simonsen
Gary N. Smith
Scott R. A. Starbuck
RHerbert Stetzenmeyer
Richard A. Stogner
James R. Strange
Ron Tappy
Edward Thomas
Christopher A. Tuttle
Stephen Von Wyrick
Carolyn Waldron
James L. Walker
Joseph J. Weinstein
Eric Welch
Christopher White
F. Bryan Wilkins
Donald Williford
Robert R. Wilson
Randall Younker
T. Alan Younker
Frank R. Zindler[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]
Donor (up to $100)
[/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Randy Lee Akers
Qahtan Al-Abeed
Badir Albadran
Pauline Albenda
Jassim Hussein Al-Maliky
Nadia Al-Mudhaffar Fawzi
Dwight C. Alpern
Nagham Darweesh Al-Rawi
Khaleel Jabbar Mola Al-Sudani
Bjorn Anderson
Jakob Andersson
Nathanael Andrade
Darren Ashby
Annalisa Azzoni
Robert Baba
Laura Battini
Robert Bewley
Susan Black
Alan E. Bower
Scott Branting
Tegan Bunsu Ashby
Andrew Burlingame
William Caraher
Christopher Carr
Samuel Carrier
Mervyn Carson
Megan Cifarelli
Peter Cobb
Mary Coffman
Sarah Costello
Sarah Craft
Jacob Damm
Erin Darby
Robert Darby
John D. Darst
Peter Davids
Izaak de Hulster
Gregorio del Olmo Lete
Elizabeth DeLozier
Aaron Demsky
Bert and Sally de Vries
Helen M. Dixon
Rudolph H. Dornemann
Erik Dorr
Louis Drew
Catherine Duff
Tiffany Earley
Jennie Ebeling
Asa Eger
Casey Elledge
Kevin Fisher
Paul Flesher
Richard Fox
Elise Friedland
Deirdre Fulton
Pamela Gaber
Susan Gidley
Mitka R. Golub
Henri L. Goulet
Samuel Greengus
Jonathan Greer
Kathryn Grossman
Arnold J. Gutierrez
William Hafford
Rachel Hallote
Edward J. Hanlon
Rick Hauser
Jennifer Helbley
Richard S. Hess
Susan Tower Hollis
Ellen Porter Honnet
Howard Hopkins
Janet Houser Evans
Stephen Jervey
Michael Jones
Lillian B. Joyce
Vanessa Juloux
Debra C. Kalodner
Susan Kane[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Robert A. Kraft
Manfred Krebernik
Ehud Lenz
Geoff Logan
Geoffrey Ludvik
Peter Machinist
Jodi Magness
David Maltsberger
Suzanne Malush
Shaun Marcus
Rosanne Martorella
Stanley Maxwell
Laura Mazow
Albert L听McClure
Kevin McGeough
Martin McNamara
Dottie Middleton
Emily Miller Bonney
Lauren A. S. Monroe
Eleonore Mulder-Hymans
Lawrence Mykytiuk
Lucy Neighbors
David Nelson
Michael C. Nelson
Kiersten Neumann
Ross Nightingale
John Oleson
Selma Omerefendic
Kathryn Parker-Hutzel
David Payne
Timothy Peace
Annabel S. Perlik
Sergio Angelo Picchioni
Bezalel Porten
Jennifer Pournelle
Robert E. Puscheck
Lorenz Rahmstorf
Barbara Rentenbach
Christopher A. Rollston
Karen Rubinson
Harold R. Rutherford
Jeremy B. Rutter
Nancy Saenz
Richard Sarason
William Schniedewind
Marshall Schurtz
Sara Scott
Harriet Seiler
Nancy Serwint
Siobhan Shinn
Stephanie Shoemaker
Felicia Silcox
Michael R. Simone
Andrew Smith
H. D. Uriel Smith
Betty and Steve Snow
Helen Spalding
Robert James Stark
Charles Anthony Stewart
Michele Stillinger
Theodore Swanson
Joseph E. Swearengin
Allison Thomason
Michael Toth
Eugene Ulrich
Herbert Unger
Jason Ur
Monique Vincent
Eva von Dassow
Walter Ward
Mark Webster
Morris Weiss
Lynn Welton
Wilma Wetterstrom
Charissa Wilson
Charles Wilson
Irene J. Winter
Santamaria Bike Yazicioglu
Joseph Yellin[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]*Deceased[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1496377378685{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 20px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_wp_posts title=”BROWSE THE NEWS ARCHIVE” number=”4″][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1496375380556{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 20px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_column_text] [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]
If you plan to transfer securities (stocks, bonds, etc.) to the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR), please notify 17吃瓜Executive Director Andy Vaughn (703-789-9229).
Please give the following information to your investment firm to transfer stocks to ASOR’s account with Charles Schwab:
DTC # 0164, Code 40
Account # 8171-7856
American Schools of Oriental Research General Fund Account
Please note: With gifts of stocks (or bonds), it is very important that you inform 17吃瓜of the name of your brokerage firm and of the name and number of shares of the stock being transferred. This notification facilitates the transfer and assures the prompt and accurate crediting of your gift. Without this notification, 17吃瓜may not know the source of the transferred stocks.
If you have any questions, please contact 17吃瓜Executive Director Andy Vaughn (703-789-9229).[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1493003810407{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 20px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_wp_posts title=”BROWSE THE NEWS ARCHIVE” number=”4″][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1493003682832{margin-right: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 30px !important;padding-left: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_column_text] [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]
DONATE WITH DELTA SKYBONUS (for employees and board members only)
17吃瓜uses a program by Delta Airlinesto allow our Board Members and Employees to support ASOR.听This program is only available for Board Members and Employees.听Here鈥檚 how it works:
When you book your flight online,听 enter ASOR鈥檚听听account number (US231352617) in the SkyBonus field of the Passenger Information section, as well as your own SkyMiles number. If you prefer to book travel arrangements over the phone with Delta, please inform the agent of our SkyBonus account number (US231352617) as well as your own SkyMiles number.
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Log into your SkyMiles account
Click on 鈥淧rofile鈥� or 鈥淰iew My Profile鈥� (under 鈥淢y SkyMiles鈥�)
Click on 鈥淥ther Loyalty Programs鈥� (URL = https://www.delta.com/myprofile/loyalty-programs)
Scroll down to 鈥淏usiness Loyalty Programs鈥� and click 鈥渆dit鈥� or 鈥渁dd鈥�
Choose 鈥淒elta SkyBonus鈥� from the drop-down menu, and then enter听US231352617听in the Loyalty # field
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